Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Cysticercus ovis from Egypt based on MT-CO1 gene sequences / Análise filogenética molecular de Cysticercus ovis do Egito com base nas sequências do gene MT-CO1

Abstract Cysticercus ovis or sheep measles is the larval stage of Taenia ovis, which is the intestinal tapeworm of dogs. It is found in the cardiac and skeletal muscles of sheep and can be the cause of partial or total condemnation of carcasses at abattoirs. The aim of the current work was to determine the prevalence of C. ovis among sheep in Upper Egypt and to present the molecular and phylogenetic analysis of this using the amplified Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit 1 (MT-CO1) gene. A total of 1885 sheep slaughtered at local abattoirs of 4 different governorates of Upper Egypt (Asuit, Sohag, Qena and Aswan) were carefully examined for C. ovis. The overall prevalence of infection was 2.02%. The highest rate of infection was observed in adult animals over 4 years of age (44.73%). There was no significant effect of animal sex on infection rates. The phylogenic analysis of C. ovis Egyptian isolates showed very close similarity to the New Zealand isolate (AB731675). This is the first report showing the genetic analysis of C. ovis in Egypt, which provides a very powerful tool for taxonomy and definitive diagnosis of C. ovis, which could be helpful for preventive and control programs.

Resumo Cysticercus ovis "sheep measles" é o estágio larval da Taenia ovis, encontrada nos músculos de carneiros, causado pela ingestão de ovos de Taenia ovis, parasita de cães. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a prevalência de C. ovis entre ovinos no Alto Egito e apresentar as análises moleculares e filogenéticas, utilizando o gene da subunidade mitocondrial citocromo-oxidase amplificada 1 (MT-CO1). Um total de 1885 ovinos abatidos em matadouros locais de 4 províncias diferentes do Alto Egito (Asuit, Sohag, Qena e Aswan) foram cuidadosamente examinados para C. ovis. A prevalência geral de infecção foi de 2,02%. A maior taxa de infecção foi observada em animais adultos com mais de 4 anos de idade (44,73%). Não houve efeito significativo do sexo nas taxas de infecção. A análise filogenética de isolados egípcios de C. ovis mostrou uma similaridade muito próxima ao isolado da Nova Zelândia (AB731675). Este é o primeiro relato mostrando a análise genética de C. ovis no Egito, fornecendo uma ferramenta para taxonomia e diagnóstico definitivo de C. ovis, podendo ser útil para programas preventivo e de controle.

Prevalence and risk factors for Cysticercus tenuicollis in goats and sheep in Paraíba, northeastern Brazil / Prevalência e fatores de risco para Cysticercus tenuicollis em caprinos e ovinos na Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil

Abstract This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for C. tenuicollis among goats and sheep in slaughterhouses in Paraíba. 390 animals (195 goats and 195 sheep) in the municipalities of Patos and Esperança, Paraíba, Brazil, were inspected between February and May 2014. The prevalence of C. tenuicollis was 39% (76/195) in goats and 17.4% (34/195) in sheep. In both species, most of the cysticerci vesicles were located at the omentum and mesentery. The only risk factor found was extensive sheep farming. It can be concluded that C. tenuicollis is highly prevalent in small ruminants in Paraíba, being more prevalent in goats than in sheep. Extensively-reared sheep were twice as likely to develop infection by this parasite.

Resumo Objetivou-se determinar a prevalência e os fatores de riscos de C. tenuicollis em caprinos e ovinos nos matadouros da Paraíba. Foram inspecionados 390 animais (195 caprinos e 195 ovinos) nos municípios de Patos e Esperança, Paraíba, Brasil, no período de Fevereiro a Maio de 2014. A prevalência de C. tenuicollis em caprinos foi de 39% (76/195) e em ovinos de 17,4% (34/195). Os locais mais acometidos por C. tenuicollis nas duas espécies foram o omento e o mesentério. O único fator de risco encontrado foi a produção extensiva de ovinos. Pode-se concluir que é alta a prevalência de C. tenuicollis em pequenos ruminantes no Estado da Paraíba, sendo mais prevalente na espécie caprina; e que ovinos criados de forma extensiva apresentam duas vezes mais riscos de contrais a infecção por este parasita.

Identificación morfológica y molecular de Cysticercus fasciolaris aislado de un roedor (Rattus norvegicus) de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) / [Morphological and molecular identification of Cysticercus fasciolaris isolated from rodent hosts (Rattus norvegicus) in Buenos Aires province (Argentina)].

In a rodent (Rattus norvegicus) survey in Buenos Aires province, metacestodes of tapeworms were found encysted in the liver of the host. The aim of this work was the morphological and molecular identification of this parasite. To achieve the molecular characterization of the parasite, ribosomal (28S) and mitochondrial (COI) DNA were amplified and sequenced. Based on both morphological and molecular data using bioinformatic tools, the metacestode was identified as Cysticercus fasciolaris. The adult form of this tapeworm (Taenia taeniaeformis) commonly infects felid and canid mammalian hosts. This is the first report on the molecular identification of Cysticercus fasciolaris in Buenos Aires province (Argentina).

Comunicación de un caso de cisticercosis subcutánea / Report of case of subcutaneous cysticercosis

Infection of the larval form (cysticerco) of Taenia in any tissue or organ is known as the disease cysticercosis. Many sites of infection have been documented but the central nervous system has been the most common. It present a case report of a 19 years old patient with a subcutaneous cysticercosis confirmed with biopsy.

La infección por la forma larvaria (cisticerco) de Taenia solium en cualquier tejido u órgano se conoce como cisticercosis. Existen numerosos reportes de casos, siendo la mayoría de ellos cisticercos en sistema nervioso central. El compromiso de otros órganos es raramente detectado. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 19 años con una cisticercosis subcutánea que fue confirmada con biopsia.

A rare case of disseminated cysticercosis: Case report and literature review.

Cysticercosis is a common tropical disease. One of the uncommon manifestations of cysticercosis and a rare complication is its disseminated form. We report an immunocompetent patient with disseminated cysticercosis who had involvement of the brain, subcutaneous tissues, lungs and skeletal muscles and presented with arthritis. He was otherwise asymptomatic in spite of the extensive involvement of multiple organs. A planned approach to therapy is necessary to prevent complications.

Intravitreal cysticercosis presenting as neovascular glaucoma.

We report two cases of intraocular cysticercosis which showed a peculiar presentation of neovascular glaucoma which is hitherto unreported. Two young adults presented with symptoms of raised intraocular pressure due to neovascular glaucoma. On dilated fundus examination both were found to have dead intravitreal cysticercosis. The cysts were removed by a three-port vitrectomy and intracameral injection of bevacizumab was given to help in the regression of rubeosis. Trabeculectomy had to be combined in one case. The intraocular pressure returned to normal. No recurrence of rubeosis was seen even after one year.

Viscoexpression of large free floating Cysticercus cyst from the anterior chamber of the eye by double incision technique.

We describe a case of 16-year-old girl who reported with diminution of vision in left eye for past seven months with appearance of white reflex. Slit lamp biomicroscopy revealed the presence of a live grayish white cyst in the anterior chamber. The ultrabiomicroscopic evaluation revealed a large live Cysticercus cellulosae cyst in anterior chamber. The CT-scan of the brain revealed multiple non-contrast enhanced lesions with calcification in brain parenchyma. The patient was started on oral prednisolone and oral albendazole. The cyst was removed in toto from the eye by double incision technique. The patient achieved visual acuity of 6/12 post-operatively.

Antígenos de larva de Taenia solium em ELISA para diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina / Taenia solium metacestode antigens in ELISA for the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis

Foram avaliados alguns parâmetros inerentes ao ELISA, por meio de ensaios de reatividade de soros-controle positivos e negativos para a cisticercose bovina com relação a três tipos de antígenos de larva de Taenia solium: total, de escólex e de membrana. As concentrações de antígeno de 0,25; 0,5; 1; 2 e 4µg por orifício, e as diluições de soro de 1:25, 1:50, 1:100 e 1:200, foram os parâmetros que menos influenciaram no desempenho do teste. A substância bloqueadora, o leite desnatado e as diluições de conjugado, 1:1.250, 1:2.500 e 1:5.000, representaram os melhores indicadores de desempenho do teste. Concluiu-se que essa combinação de critérios deve ser considerada no diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina, em atividades de rotina ou de padronização do referido teste, considerando os três antígenos de larva de T. solium estudados.

Some parameters of ELISA were evaluated using positive and negative bovine sera for cysticercosis and three types of antigens of Taenia solium larvae: total, scolex and membrane. The antigen concentrations (0.25; 0.5; 1; 2 and 4µg/well) and the serum dilutions (1:25, 1:50, 1:100 and 1:200) were the parameters that influenced less the test performance; while blocking substance, skimmed milk, and conjugate dilutions, 1:1.250, 1:2.500 and 1:5.000 were the best indexes of the test performance. It was concluded that this combination of criteria should be considered in the diagnosis of bovine cysticercosis, in routine diagnosis and for the ELISA test standardization.

Imunodiagnóstico da cisticercose em suíno experimentalmente infectado com ovos de Taenia solium, utilizando antígeno de escólex de Cysticercus cellulosae / Immunodiagnosis of cysticercosis in swine experimentally infected with Taenia solium eggs, using antigen of Cysticercus cellulosae scolex

Colheu-se sangue de sete suínos infectados com ovos de Taenia solium, semanalmente, durante 140 dias, para realizar ELISA no soro, utilizando antígeno de escólex (Es-Tso) de C. cellulosae. Em todos os animais, após o 21º dia pós-infecção, houve incremento significativo de anticorpos IgG, que assim se mantiveram até o final do experimento. A sensibilidade do ELISA variou entre 87,5 e 100 por cento. A necropsia, foram identificados 238 cisticercos. Seis suínos apresentaram pelo menos um cisto no coração, língua ou masseter. Não se observou correlação entre concentração de anticorpos e número de cisticercos identificados.

Blood samples from seven swines infected with eggs of Taenia solium, were collected weekly during a period of 140 days. The ELISA was carried out in serum, using antigen from Cysticercus cellulosae scolex (Es-Tso). The antibody levels for all animals significantly increased and maintained constant from the 21th day post-infection to the end of the experiment. The sensitivity of the ELISA test averaged between 87.5 percent and 100 percent. At the necropsy, 238 cysticerci were identified. Six swines presented at least one cysticercus in one of the organs: heart, tongue or masseter. No correlation between concentration of antibodies and number of identified cysticerci at necropsy, was observed.

Oral cysticercosis: case report and review of the literature

A cisticercose é uma doença que ocorre quando o indivíduo é infectado pela larva da Taenia solium, atuando como hospedeiro intermediário ao invés de definitivo. A cisticercose em cavidade oral é rara e seu diagnóstico clínico é difícil. Neste trabalho, é relatado um caso de cisticercose oral em paciente de 23 anos, sexo feminino que apresentou um crescimento indolor na região de dorso de língua. Foi realizada uma biópsia excisional e o exame histopatológico revelou uma cavidade cística apresentando em seu interior a larva.

Neurocysticercosis presenting with psychosis.

Cysticercosis consists of infection with the small bladder-like larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. The life cycle of parasite is maintained between man and pig infected with cysticerci. Epilepsy is the most common presentation of neurocysticercosis; focal signs, headache, involuntary movements and global mental deterioration are other symptoms. Psychosis is a rare presentation and may be seen in up to 5% of patients. We present a 25 years old male, who had been under treatment from psychiatry OPD for psychosis for one year, developed generalized tonic-clonic seizures. CT scan of brain revealed multiple calcified and hypodense lesions with surrounding oedema. Histopathological examination of subcutaneous nodule confirmed the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis.

Tumoural cysticercosis.

The unusual occurrence of very large cysticerci presenting as tumour-like lesions prompted this search of the pathology records of a south Indian hospital, to find similar cases. The maximum diameter of 187 consecutively diagnosed extraneural cysticerci, was recorded and those cases exceeding the mean by two standard deviations reviewed. Six biopsies showing cysticerci with a maximum diameter ranging from 4 to 11 cm, were identified, and hospital records and all pathological material available, were reexamined. The clinical differential diagnosis included benign and malignant tumours, hydatid cyst and haematoma. All the cysts were confirmed to be cysticerci, but species diagnosis was not possible by examining archival material. In an appropriate geographical setting, large cysticerci should form part of the differential diagnosis of cystic tumour-like lesions. An attemp can then be made, while the specimen is still fresh, to identify the species.

An incidental case of breast cysticercosis associated with fibroadenoma.

It is unusual for cysticercosis to occur in the substance of the breast. Only a few cases have been described in the literature. We report a case of cysticercosis perched on fibroadenoma of breast found on surgical excision in a 35 year old Nepali woman. The patient had no discernible evidence of cysticercosis in the other organs.

Experimental infection of mice with Taenia taeniaformis eggs from cats--course of infection and pathological studies.

Cysticercus fasciolaris, the larval form of Taenia taeniaformis is commonly encountered in rodents most often in mice and rats through contaminated feed and bedding materials. The infection is asymptomatic and is considered harmless, but its presence in the laboratory mice/rats could lead to misinterpretation of results for biological experiments. The course of infection and pathogenesis of induced C. fasciolaris was studied in Swiss albino mice. The number of established cysts were not significantly different during the course of infection. The mean diameter of the cysts and the metacestode were significantly different during the course of infection reaching a maximum size of 8.1 +/- 2.2 mm and 80.4 +/- 20.2 mm, respectively on 45 DPI. Histopathologically, on 15 DPI, the duodenum of the affected mice revealed cross sections of early larval stage of C. fasciolaris. On 30 and 45 DPI, the liver showed tract of migration of C. fasciolaris larvae with a thick zone of inflammatory reaction and encapsulation against mature larvae in liver. The routine spontaneous Cystucercus infection is clinically asymptomatic in these animals and is considered harmless. The present experimental infection also followed the same course resulting only in asymptomatic colonisation of the parasites.

Intravitreal cysticercosis

Examination of a 36-year-old man with naked visual acuity of 20/20 revealed a floating, conspicuous cyst of Cysticercus cellulosae in the vitreous cavity of the right eye. A vitreous traction band from the vitreous base and the optic disc was connected to the lodging bulb of the cyst. In the superonasal area, an ovoid retinal break surrounded by a white retinal lesion with two elliptical retinal hemorrhages was found, and this seems to be the previous lodging site of the cyst. A pars plana vitrectomy was performed to remove the parasite, and laser photocoagulation was carried out around the retinal break. Four months after the operation, the patient was satisfied with naked visual acuity of 25/20 without any complication in the affected eye.

Aspectos epidemiológicos da teníase-cisticercose na área endêmica de Lagamar, MG / Epidemiological aspects of cysticercosis due to Taenia solium in the endemic area of Lagamar, MG

An epidemiological inquiry of humancysticercosis due to Taenia solium was carried out in Lagamar, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, in 1992. A survey of 1109 houses with 3344 inhabitants was made. The inquiry included 875 (86 per cent) families and the questionnaire was answered by an informer, who was the father in 80 per cent of the cases. One hundred pigsties, sheltering 406 swines in extremely precarious conditions, were found in 100 (11.4 per cent) houses. A history on taeniasis in some member of the family was verified in 300 (34.2 per cent) houses. A history of seizures was referred to by 125 (14.2 per cent) of families. The outset of convulsion in adult age was characterized in 39 (37.8 per cent) families. A history of mental disorder was reported in 53 (6.0 per cent) of houses. Stool examinations were positive for Taenia spp in 24 (1.3 per cent) of samples examined per cent.

Evaluación de la técnica de ELISA con antígeno total de cysticercus cellulosae para el diagnóstico de la neurocisticercosis humana en Chile / Evaluation of ELISA technic with total antigen of cysticercus cellulosae in the diagnosis of human neurocysticercosis in Chile

La estandarización del método de ELISA con el empleo de un antígeno total de cysticercus cellulosae, se evaluó en 22 sueros de pacientes con neurocisticercosis comprobada y 106 sueros correspondientes a individuos sanos y pacientes con otras patologías parasitarias y no parasitarias. Los resultados demostraron una sensibilidad de 68,2 por ciento y una especificidad global de 92,5 por ciento. Las reactividades cruzadas se presentaron en sueros de pacientes con hidatidosis, tumor cerebral y factor reumatoide. Se concluye que se debe buscar nuevas alternativas metodológicas que permiten aumentar la sensibilidad y especificidad para el diagnóstico de la cisticercosis humana en Chile

Ocorrência de cisticercose no linfonódio sub-ilíaco de bovino: relato de caso / Occurrence of cysticercus bovis in sub-ilíaco limphy-node of calf: report of case

O objetivo do presente relato é o de informar o encontro do Cysticercus bovis em linfonódio sub-ilíaco de bovino. A vesícula tinha o aspecto ovalado, coloraçäo branco-leitosa contendo líquido translúcido e o escólex no seu interior. A dimensäo do cisticerco foi de 2,5 mm por 0,5 mm de largura.

Diagnóstico da cisticercose bovina em matadouros: novas técnicas de exame de esôfago e diafragma

Foram descritas e discutidas várias técnicas de inspeçäo "post-mortem" usadas para a detecçäo da cisticercose bovina em matadouros. Com um procedimento padronizado de inspeçäo, objetivando a detecçäo do Cysticercus bovis no exame "post-mortem" de bovinos, no qual novas técnicas de exame do diafragma e esôfago foram introduzidas, o autor estudou, durante o biênio 1979-1980, 414.783 animais oriundos de regiöes de criaçäo do Brasil Central Pecuário, abatidos no Frigorífico Anglo-Barretos, Estado de Säo Paulo. Destes animais, 10.467 (2,52%) estavam infectados com cisticercose, sendo 9.996 (95,50%) monocisticercósicos e 471 (4,50%) pluricisticercósicos. Detalhes da distribuiçäo dos cisticercos vivos e degenerados säo apresentados e discutidos e a seguinte ordem decrescente de importância dos locais de predileçäo foi encontrada: coraçäo, músculos mastigatórios, diafragma, esôfago, língua e fígado. As técnicas preconizadas, no biênio estudado, aumentaram a eficiência da detecçäo de bovinos monocisticercósicos, no exame "post-mortem", em 3,12%; entretanto, quando considerada a maior prevalênccia bimestral elas revelaram 4,87% desses casos. As maiores prevalências bimestrais de bovinos monocisticercósicos ocorreram nos dois últimos bimestrais do período estudado: 2,98% (Set-Out) e 4,03% (Nov-Dez)